Caoya

Biodiversity and food: what if protecting living systems started on our plates?

Adrien Stiker — Thu, 23 Jul 2026 10:42:14 +0000

Biodiversity and food hang by a thread—and that thread runs through our plates.

A piece of fruit, a square of chocolate: behind each one lies living soil and a whole community of species supporting one another so that the harvest can reach us.

Imagine nature as an immense web. Each knot is a species, and each thread is a relationship connecting it to others. Pull on just one knot, and the entire web moves.

When one species becomes extinct, it rarely takes only its own thread with it. It causes others to break too, often silently. Scientists have a word for this phenomenon: co-extinction.

Understanding this mechanism changes the way we look at nature and the real impact of our food choices.

Because while our actions can unravel these connections, they can also protect them—from salmon all the way to cocoa.

It all starts with the documentary Coextinction

In 2021, two filmmakers, Gloria Pancrazi and Elena Jean, released a documentary called Coextinction.

They set out to film orcas. They ended up documenting the collapse of an entire ecosystem, from the depths of the ocean to the heart of the forests.

Without salmon, orcas starve

The documentary Coextinction opens with an image that became famous. In 2018, an orca named Tahlequah carried the body of her dead calf for 17 days, over more than 1,500 kilometres.

This grief was not an isolated tragedy. Just over 70 Southern Resident orcas remain in the Pacific Northwest, and their calves rarely survive because of a lack of food.

These orcas eat almost exclusively Chinook salmon, which account for around 80% of their diet. Yet Chinook salmon populations are collapsing because of dams, open-net fish farms, overfishing and shipping traffic.

Fewer salmon mean mother orcas struggling to feed their calves.

But the story does not end with the orcas. The same salmon also feed bears, eagles, wolves and even trees.

As they swim upstream to reproduce, salmon carry nitrogen from the ocean into the forests. Bears leave their carcasses beneath trees, where they fertilise the soil.

In British Columbia, studies have found that between 14% and 60% of the nitrogen in riverside plants comes from salmon.

“Trees do not grow by themselves,” forest ecologist Suzanne Simard reminds us. And when salmon decline, ecologist Yuri Zharikov explains, everything else also declines as a consequence.

This is where the documentary gets its title. Losing one species rarely means losing only one.

Co-extinction: a term that predates the documentary

The term “co-extinction” has existed since 1993, long before the documentary. Researchers Nigel Stork and Christopher Lyal used it to describe a situation in which one species disappears and another species, which depended entirely on it for survival, disappears in turn.

A study published in the journal Scientific Reports gave further weight to the concept. Its authors describe co-extinction as “a manifestation of the interconnectedness of organisms” and warn that it is difficult to detect because it progresses silently.

Since then, research has measured the scale of the phenomenon.

By simulating thousands of “virtual Earths” populated by more than 30,000 species connected through food webs, researchers Giovanni Strona and Corey Bradshaw showed that these chain reactions are likely to be a major driver of biodiversity loss.

They could increase the extinction of the most vulnerable species by 184% by 2100. A species therefore rarely matters only for its own sake. It also matters because of everything it supports around it—including what eventually ends up on our plates.

Why biodiversity and food go hand in hand

The extinction of one species can cause others to disappear for two main reasons.

The first is that certain species play a much greater role than their numbers might suggest, maintaining the balance of an entire ecosystem. The second is that every species provides services on which other species—and often the whole environment—depend.

The sea otter holds an entire forest together

Along the northern Pacific coast lives a small sea otter that feeds on sea urchins. Sea urchins, in turn, graze on kelp, the large brown algae that form genuine underwater forests.

At the beginning of the 20th century, sea otters were hunted almost to extinction for their fur.

Without their predator, sea urchin populations multiplied and devoured the kelp forests, leaving behind barren areas that scientists call “urchin barrens”.

As the kelp disappeared, so did the fish, crabs and birds that relied on it for shelter. Biologists Jim Estes and John Palmisano demonstrated this as early as the 1970s by comparing coastlines with and without sea otters.

But it is not only species that disappear.

Kelp forests store enormous amounts of carbon, and researchers from the University of California have estimated that the presence of sea otters can increase these marine forests’ carbon-storage capacity twelvefold.

Protecting a sea otter therefore also means protecting the climate. Wherever sea otters have returned, the forests have grown back—and life has returned with them.

The services nature provides for free

Every species performs a kind of job within its ecosystem.

Some pollinate plants, while others disperse seeds, recycle dead matter or transport nutrients from one environment to another. These services cost us nothing, yet nothing works without them.

Pollination is the best-known example. According to IPBES, more than 75% of the world’s major food crops depend, at least partly, on animal pollinators, most often insects.

This is where the connection between biodiversity and food becomes clear: when these insects disappear, our fruit and vegetables are put at risk.

At this point, co-extinction stops feeling like a distant issue. Salmon fertilise forests, sea otters protect the climate, bees pollinate fruit trees, and bats control pests. All of this provides us with food, air and water.

Remove one of these links, and the service it provided disappears with it. When that link helps grow the food we enjoy eating, our food supply is affected too.

Cocoa: where biodiversity and food come together

The cocoa tree also depends closely on these relationships. In the wild, it never grows alone. It is an understory tree that develops in the shade of taller trees.

Consider cocoa flowers. They are far too small for bees or butterflies. Instead, they are pollinated by tiny midges, less than one millimetre long, which can only live in the moisture of decomposing leaves beneath the shelter of a forest.

Without forests, there are no midges. Without midges, there are no cocoa pods—and therefore no chocolate.

Cocoa, too, hangs by an invisible thread.

Monoculture cuts this thread. The forest is cleared, cocoa trees are planted alone in full sunlight, and the species that once helped them thrive disappear. The trees then survive with the support of pesticides, used to replace what nature previously provided without asking for anything in return.

The same chain of disappearance threatening orcas is repeated here, inside a simple cocoa pod.

A cocoa tree supports far more life than we might imagine, and every species plays its part.

Cocoa is therefore a perfect example of the connection between biodiversity and food. The chocolate we eat ultimately depends on a forest that has remained alive. Preserving it is already an act of biodiversity protection.

How agriculture breaks the link between biodiversity and food

All of this may seem far removed from our daily lives because we never see the forests being cleared to fill our plates. They disappear thousands of kilometres away, beyond our view.

Yet the link between biodiversity and food is direct.

According to IPBES, the leading cause of habitat destruction worldwide is agricultural expansion, which eats into forests to make space for crops and livestock.

Together, agriculture, fishing and climate change are currently pushing nearly one million species towards extinction.

We partially finance this agricultural model ourselves, one shopping basket at a time. A product grown through intensive monoculture supports a system that turns entire forests into fields containing only one plant, where almost nothing else can survive.

An organic product or one grown through agroforestry supports a model that leaves room for other species.

Elena Jean, co-director of Coextinction, clearly summarises the trap we have fallen into: instead of consuming less of a resource that is running out, we constantly try to replace it with another.

This is how we empty the oceans of wild fish and then install open-net fish farms that contaminate the remaining wild salmon.

Even choices that seem insignificant, such as deciding which foods to buy, have an impact on nature. At our own level and within our own means, we can contribute to biodiversity protection by:

Choosing organic or agroforestry-grown products,
Reducing food waste,
Eating less industrially produced meat,
Avoiding plastic whenever possible,
Choosing brands that are transparent about where their products come from,
Supporting organisations that protect living systems.

Every choice pulls on a thread, in one direction or the other.

Our commitment to biodiversity protection

Saving one species at a time is not enough.

At CAOYA, through our organic chocolate, we aim to protect nature while preserving the interconnected relationship between biodiversity and food.

It begins with the cocoa we choose. We work with regions where the forest has remained alive and where cocoa trees grow through agroforestry, surrounded by the species that have always lived alongside them.

Cocoa that has not required anyone to clear a forest in order to exist.

It is also reflected in our commitments. We donate 10% of our profits to partner initiatives working to protect biodiversity.

This year, we are supporting pollinators alongside Un Toit Pour Les Abeilles, because these insects make much of the food we eat possible, even though they do not pollinate cocoa.

We hope to go even further in the future by helping protect bird habitats, as the presence of birds can tell us a great deal about the health of an environment.

For us, protecting one link already helps strengthen the entire chain. It is our way of showing that a square of chocolate can help care for something much bigger than itself.

Caring for the connection between biodiversity and food

Species extinction never happens in isolation. This is the story told by the documentary Coextinction. Every disappearance silently prepares the way for others.

But the same principle also works in the opposite direction. Because everything is connected, protecting one species or one habitat means protecting many others at the same time.

This is the very principle of biodiversity protection.

WWF France’s latest biodiversity report has a title that captures the situation well: “Between decline and hope.” Hope is real wherever space is given back to living systems. Sea otters return, and forests grow back.

And because biodiversity and food hang by the same thread, what we put on our plates matters too.

Every one of our actions pulls on a thread. Together, we may as well pull in the right direction.

Questions Fréquentes

What is the connection between biodiversity and food?

Everything we eat comes from a living environment: a pollinator for fruit, a forest for cocoa. The way we produce and choose our food largely determines what can continue to survive around these crops.

When food is grown organically or through agroforestry, it leaves room for living systems. Intensive monoculture causes them to retreat.

Can the disappearance of a single species really disrupt an entire ecosystem?

Yes, because species are connected through what they eat and through the services they provide.

A predator controls the population of its prey, a pollinator enables plants to reproduce, a fish transports nutrients, and a tree provides shelter. When one of these species disappears, the balance is disrupted.

When sea otters disappeared, sea urchins were able to destroy entire kelp forests, and all the life that depended on those forests collapsed with them.

Can biodiversity protection begin with a single species?

Yes. Because species depend on one another, protecting one link often benefits the whole network.

By protecting sea otters, we also protect kelp forests, the fish that shelter within them and the carbon those forests store.

This is precisely why protecting key species or their habitats is so important.

Can species extinction still be reversed?

To some extent, yes. Wherever habitats are protected or restored, nature often returns more quickly than we might expect. The return of sea otters to parts of the Pacific coast was enough to allow entire kelp forests to grow back.

However, researchers Strona and Bradshaw warn that the coming decades will be decisive. The longer we wait, the more difficult these chain reactions will be to stop.

How is chocolate connected to biodiversity?

Chocolate comes from cocoa. To produce cocoa beans, the cocoa tree depends on a living forest: tiny insects to pollinate its flowers, tall trees to provide shade, and ants and birds to protect it from pests.

When cocoa is grown through agroforestry, it helps preserve this biodiversity. When it is grown through monoculture, it destroys it.

The chocolate we choose supports one of these two models.

L’article Biodiversity and food: what if protecting living systems started on our plates? est apparu en premier sur Caoya.

Sustainable eating: what you eat can save the planet

Adrien Stiker — Fri, 05 Jun 2026 16:12:23 +0000

Eating is such an everyday act that we forget its weight.

Today, our food choices account for around 25% of carbon emissions in France. A quarter. Simply through what we put on our forks.

Sustainable eating starts from the idea that what we put on our plate, three times a day, every day, can play a role for ecosystems and biodiversity

Becoming aware of this is giving ourselves a reason to act, with curiosity and intention. Because if our food choices can degrade ecosystems, they can also protect them.
That is where the difference lies.

What our current food system does to the planet

The global food system as it functions today was built to produce fast, in large quantities and at low cost. It has achieved that. But at a price that nature feels deeply.

The carbon footprint of our plate

Food and climate change are linked in ways we have been measuring more clearly in recent years. 22% of our food choices directly influence the overall carbon footprint of the French.

According to WWF France, if the French adopted sustainable consumption principles, greenhouse gas emissions across the entire food chain could fall by 40%.

What is striking is where these emissions come from. One might assume they come from transport or packaging. In reality, 61% of greenhouse gases linked to our food come from agricultural production itself.

In other words: what happens in the field weighs far more heavily than the distance the product has travelled. Meat and dairy products alone account for 85% of emissions from French agricultural production, according to ADEME.

Intensive farming and its damage to nature

The carbon footprint is visible. What is less visible is what industrial agriculture does to the living world, more silently.

Between 1990 and 2020, 420 million hectares of forest disappeared worldwide, an area the size of the European Union, primarily for livestock and crops.

The core problem is that by clearing these forests, they can no longer store the carbon, which is the main driver of climate change. Worse still, the farmland that replaces them actually emits it.

On the ground, monocultures and synthetic pesticides (non-natural) decimate the micro-organisms that keep soil healthy. The pollinating insects that depend on these organisms disappear along with them.

Yet pollinators are essential to our crops. In France, 72% of species cultivated for our food depend on animal pollination, primarily insects. Without bees, for example, we lose our ability to feed ourselves.

And they are not the only ones affected. The 2024 WWF report documents a 73% decline in wild vertebrate populations since 1970. In just fifty years. This is due in part to intensive farming as we know it.

By uprooting hedgerows, ploughing up meadows and draining wetlands, every hectare turned into monoculture is one less habitat.

What sustainable eating offers

Faced with this reality, sustainable eating proposes choosing our food differently, by supporting farming models that rebuild rather than deplete.

Organic, agroforestry, regenerative: what changes

Organic farming bans synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilisers. Soils stay more alive, water less contaminated, insects better protected alongside all other animals. It is a first level of protection, with our organic certification, that matters deeply to us at Caoya.

Agroforestry goes further. It combines fruit or forest trees with agricultural crops, recreating diversity where monoculture had made everything uniform.

Our cacao grown through agroforestry is an example: it grows in the shade of other species, soils feed on the organic matter that settles there, birds and insects return. The land comes back to life.

Regenerative agriculture follows this path, seeking to repair what has already been damaged. Restoring soil fertility, recreating healthy water cycles, bringing biodiversity back to degraded land: the goal is no longer simply to limit impact, but to give back to the earth more than we have taken.

These models farm differently. They produce food while caring for everything around them.

The measurable impact of these farming practices

These practices have a real positive impact on nature.

Organic farms host on average 34% more species than conventional farms, according to the Journal of Applied Ecology.

Thanks to the microbes found in organic soils, there is more water retention, less erosion and superior nutritional quality in what we eat.

Agroforestry, for its part, stores more carbon than monocultures because it accommodates more trees, which also helps withstand extreme weather events (which are accelerating with climate change).

Products grown through agroforestry, like cacao, also have more flavour thanks to the richness of the soil in which they grew.

By choosing what you put on your plate, you contribute directly to the health of nature. And of course to your own health too.

Sustainable eating: where to begin?

The difficulty with sustainable eating is knowing where to start without getting lost in an endless list of restrictions to follow.

Reading labels without getting lost

Certifications exist to guide the way:

The Organic Agriculture label (AB) guarantees the absence of synthetic pesticides, chemical fertilisers and GMOs. It protects the health of soils, water and ecosystems, and is checked every year by approved independent bodies.

The Demeter label moves towards biodynamic farming (an approach that considers the farm as a living ecosystem, in harmony with natural cycles).

The ROC label (Regenerative Organic Certified) goes even further, integrating three pillars: soil health, animal welfare and social equity. It is the most ambitious certification on the regenerative front.

Fair trade logos guarantee fair pay for producers. At Caoya, we have chosen not to carry them. Their annual cost is high, and we prefer to directly value the quality of cacao in the remuneration of the producers who grow it.

No label is perfect. But they point towards supply chains that offer a better way to consume. Reading them is already a way of asking questions and staying curious when doing your shopping.

Beyond labels, traceability is a strong signal. Knowing where what we eat comes from, under what conditions it was produced and by whom: this information is more accessible than before, and brands that play full transparency deserve our attention.

Choosing an ethical chocolate

Cacao is one of the products whose environmental impact varies most depending on how it is grown.

In a conventional model, the cocoa farm is a monoculture that weakens soils, the species that depend on them, and requires large areas of land.

Grown through agroforestry, that same cocoa tree becomes something else entirely. One tree among others, in a landscape that breathes. Soils are no longer artificially irrigated. Vegetation protects against erosion. Pollinators return, and so do birds. And farmers, by diversifying their crops, are less exposed to price crises.

A square of chocolate can be a symbol of sustainable eating, one that protects nature. And that is exactly what we seek to do at Caoya: turn an everyday pleasure into an act that means something.

Protecting nature starts with sustainable eating

Sustainable eating is not one more constraint in an already busy life. It is a different way of looking at what we eat, with a little more curiosity for what happens before it reaches our plate, around us.

The food choices we make every day fund a certain type of farming, a certain relationship with the land, a certain future for the species that share this planet with us.

Nobody eats perfectly. But everyone can start somewhere.

At Caoya, we believe that pleasure and awareness can coexist in the same chocolate bar. If you want to go further on this journey with us, join the Caoya community.

FAQ : Sustainable eating

Is eating local truly eco-friendly?

Not necessarily.

A locally grown product from intensive monoculture can have a less favourable environmental impact than an imported product from organic agroforestry. The type of farming matters in fact more than the distance travelled.

Is plant-based eating always more sustainable than animal-based eating?

Overall yes, but with important nuances.

Extensive outdoor grass-fed farming contributes to meadow biodiversity and stores carbon. Environmental impact depends above all on the production method.

Reducing red meat and dairy from intensive farming remains the most powerful lever (beef accounts for 83% of emissions from French livestock farming according to ADEME).

For those who love meat, the idea is not to give it up entirely. Varying your diet and finding a balance is enough to make a real difference. Not eating red meat just one day a week, for instance, is as beneficial for the planet as eating strictly local at every meal.

How to recognise a genuinely eco-friendly product without being misled by greenwashing?

Three reliable signals: a recognised certification (AB, Demeter, Nature et Progrès, fair trade), clear traceability on origin and farming practices, and a brand that communicates its commitments with concrete data rather than vague formulas.

Greenwashing is often recognisable by the absence of verifiable facts.

L’article Sustainable eating: what you eat can save the planet est apparu en premier sur Caoya.

Cacao ecosystem: why chocolate depends on an entire forest

Adrien Stiker — Sat, 02 May 2026 13:24:56 +0000

The cacao ecosystem is a living, discreet and fascinating world.

Before becoming a chocolate bar, every bean is born at the heart of a network of species that support, nourish and protect one another. Soils teeming with life, specialised insects, a wildlife community like no other.

For the cocoa tree’s flowers to become pods, and for its beans to develop their aromas, it needs this entire world around it.

Every bite of quality chocolate carries the imprint of this invisible world. Exploring it means understanding why what we eat is always, somewhere, a story of nature.

The cacao ecosystem begins in the soil

Before the trees, before the insects, before the pods, there is the earth. The soil of a healthy cocoa farm is a living, active environment that is constantly at work.

The leaf litter: the cacao tree's pantry

Under the cocoa trees, dead leaves accumulate into a thick organic layer called leaf litter.

What happens in this litter is fascinating: millions of bacteria, fungi, worms and decomposer insects transform all these leaves into nutrients accessible to the roots.

Without it, the cocoa tree loses access to this reservoir of life. It becomes dependent on chemical fertilisers to compensate for what the soil can no longer do naturally.

The litter also plays a less visible but equally essential role. It is the habitat of the cocoa tree’s pollinators. These are the insects that ensure the tree’s reproduction.

Mycorrhizal fungi: the invisible allies of the roots

Beneath the litter, there is an even more discreet network.

Mycorrhizal fungi attach themselves to the cocoa tree’s roots and extend them, like invisible arms reaching through the soil to capture water and minerals that the roots alone could never reach.

In return, the tree provides them with sugars from photosynthesis, which nourish them.

It is a collaboration that has existed for millions of years, and that soils depleted by chemicals gradually destroy.

Soil: a unique signature of the cacao ecosystem

The cocoa tree is deeply sensitive to its surroundings.

Every soil is unique, shaped by its geography and the organisms it contains. The mineral composition of the earth in Peru, for instance, is not the same as the one found in Indonesia or Côte d’Ivoire.

These differences leave an imprint in the bean. This is what we call “terroir”, a word borrowed from the vocabulary of wine.

Each soil gives rise to a unique aroma, different notes on the palate. This is why soil matters so much for cacao. What you taste in a good cacao is also, somewhere, the story of a land.

Small insects play a major role for cacao

A cocoa tree produces up to 100,000 flowers a year. They grow directly on the trunk and main branches (a rare botanical phenomenon called cauliflory). They exist for only 24 hours, and fewer than 5% of them give birth to a pod.

For these flowers to become cacao beans, pollinators are needed.

Midges: pollinators under a millimetre

The cocoa tree is not generally pollinated by bees, bumblebees or butterflies. Its flowers are too small and too complex for them.

The task falls to far smaller insects: midges measuring less than a millimetre, so tiny they pass through most mosquito nets.

These midges live in the damp litter on the ground, in decomposing dead leaves and in the remains of pods left after harvest.

To survive, they need shade, moisture and a living forest around them. As they slip from flower to flower to feed, they carry pollen without even knowing it.

It is a relationship between a tree and an insect that nobody notices.

And nature still holds surprises. New studies in Indonesia have discovered that other pollinating insects also play a role. The cacao ecosystem is even richer and more mysterious than we imagined.

Ants: the quiet guardians of the cocoa tree

Ants do not pollinate cacao, but they are its guardians.

In cacao farms where life thrives, certain ant species settle on cocoa trees and protect them against pest insects that bore into the pods.

This is what we call a mutualistic relationship: the ant finds shelter and food on the tree, and the tree benefits from natural protection. A discreet alliance, but remarkably effective.

These ants, like the pollinating midges, only settle where the environment allows: in real forests, with leaf litter on the ground and a plant diversity that only nature can offer.

Being able to observe these ants is a sign that the cacao ecosystem is in good health.

Animals also protect cacao

In its natural habitat, the cocoa tree grows alongside birds, monkeys, bats, sloths, and other animal species that play a role in the balance of the forest and the cacao ecosystem.

Birds and bats: allies by day and night

In the tropical forests where cacao grows, insectivorous birds and bats (which feed on insects) regulate pest populations.

For example, according to Bat Conservation International, an insectivorous bat can eat up to 1,000, or more, insects in less than an hour!

Alliance Biodiversity CIAT also states that birds and bats save cacao farmers up to $1,000 per hectare per year, simply by naturally regulating pests.

But this is only possible if cacao farms offer shade and shelter. Without it, these species disappear, and pests take hold.

Monkeys and sloths: seed dispersal

Monkeys too have their role to play. They share an ancient relationship with the cocoa tree, long before the birth of industrial chocolate.

The Mayas depicted them alongside the pods. Spider monkeys and howler monkeys consume the sweet white pulp surrounding the beans, then spit out the seeds.

As they move through the forest, without realising it, they directly contribute to the dispersal of cocoa tree seeds over great distances.

Sloths, squirrels and even frugivorous bats (those that eat fruit) play a similar role.

This is what we call an ecosystem service, a mutual relationship within biodiversity that no plantation can artificially reproduce.

The forest, its animals and cacao form a network that benefits each of them.

Trees: the forest as partner

The cocoa tree is an understorey tree. This means that in its natural environment, it grows in the shade of canopy giants that protect and nourish it. When the cocoa tree grows alone, in a monoculture, everything changes.

Shade and climate regulation

The cocoa tree is a demanding tree. It needs stable warmth, constant humidity and filtered light. This is precisely what the large shade trees provide.

Under their branches, the ground temperature stays cooler and more stable, soil moisture evaporates more slowly, and air humidity is maintained at a level the cocoa tree recognises as its natural environment.

The large shade trees create around it this climatic bubble (without it, the cocoa tree struggles). Their fallen leaves enrich the litter and their roots enrich the soil.

Up above, in the branches of these great trees, an entire community takes up residence: mosses, lichens, migratory birds, rare insects, small arboreal mammals.

Cacao, alongside the other trees, contributes to maintaining these living environments, and these environments return the favour.

Physical protection against weather and disease

Shade trees do not only regulate the climate for the cacao ecosystem. They physically protect the cocoa tree.

Their trunks form a barrier against the wind, which would otherwise dry out the flowers and knock down immature pods. Their roots, intertwined with those of the cocoa tree, maintain soil cohesion during heavy tropical rains and reduce erosion.

The plant diversity they bring also slows the spread of disease, which travels far more easily through a uniform monoculture.

Cacao is not simply a tree, it is part of a perfect natural balance.

Everything is connected in the cacao ecosystem

The cacao ecosystem is not isolated. It is a complex and magical network where soil, fungi, insects, birds, bats, monkeys and trees support one another.

Remove one link and the others weaken. Soil that loses its litter loses its pollinators. A tree without shade loses its bats. A plantation without wildlife becomes dependent on pesticides to do what biodiversity did naturally.

This is the connection we choose to respect at Caoya, by selecting terroirs where the cacao ecosystem is still alive.

Every one of our bars carries within it the heritage and symbiosis of a preserved forest.

Curious to discover the taste of nature? Be among the first to taste our ethical chocolate in harmony with this living world.

FAQ : Cacao ecosystem

Do bees pollinate cacao?

No. Their bodies are too large to enter the cacao flowers, which are very small and structurally complex. Far smaller insects carry out this task, and all depend on a healthy forest habitat to survive.

Can a cocoa tree produce without a forest around it?

Yes, but less well and for less long. Without shade, leaf litter and associated wildlife, it becomes more vulnerable to disease, pests and drought. Yields fall in the medium term, and the aromatic quality of the beans diminishes.

Are monkeys enemies or allies of the cocoa tree?

Both. In intensive farming, they can damage the pods. In their natural habitat, they are essential to seed dispersal. They have contributed for millennia to the natural propagation of the cocoa tree across tropical forests.

What is cocoa monoculture?

It is a farming method where cocoa trees are planted alone, without shade trees or plant diversity. This intensive model produces more in the short term but rapidly depletes soils, eliminates pollinators and makes the tree dependent on chemicals.

What is the difference between monoculture and agroforestry?

In a monoculture, the cocoa tree grows alone. In agroforestry (lien vers la page agroforesterie quand live sur le mot agroforestry), it coexists with other trees and crops that regulate the climate, nourish the soil and shelter wildlife. It is a return to the cocoa tree’s natural conditions, making it more resilient and more aromatic.

L’article Cacao ecosystem: why chocolate depends on an entire forest est apparu en premier sur Caoya.